"Trends and Movements"
"Trends and Movements" in English Literature
Introduction :-
English literature is like a vast, ever-evolving landscape filled with different styles and ideas. Over time, writers have formed groups and embraced particular ways of writing, known as trends or movements. In this period people started the new way of thinking, new invention, new imagination, new ideas and as well as new arts. During this period people had work with creative ideas and free from rules. Art and paintings make an interesting role in this period.
"EVERYTHING WE SEE HIDES ANOTHER THING, WE ALWAYS WANT TO SEE WHAT IS HIDDEN BY WHAT WE SEE.”
~ René Magritte
➣ Meaning :-
Surrealism is the art movement in English Literature. Surrealism is an artistic and literary movement that seeks to express the irrational and imaginative aspects of the mind. Artists and writers associated with surrealism aim to tap into the subconscious, creating works that challenge conventional ideas and invite viewers or readers to explore the fantastical realms of imagination.
✰ Defination :-
Sur + Realism = Super Realism
This movement started between World War 1 and World War 2. Surrealism was make focused and it's key feature was like 'Positive Expression'. One of the most prominent figure Andre Breton was influenced by Sigmund Freud's philosophy. We can see in this movement in visual art and literature. "Surrealism Manifesto" was the key term or work to start this movement.
✰ What is in this movement? :-
Which are the things comes into the 'Unconscious Brain', it is not comes in reality, it's only comes in that way. That things always into the painter's, writer's imagination. It shows that the Absolute Reality. In this movement we can observed the hard work by painters and writers. In this movement painters and writers much more focused on 'Free Form' concept of work of art.
Surrealists create art and literature that feels like a dream. They paint strange scenes, use unusual colors, and write stories that are a bit like fantastical adventures. Surrealism loves to surprise! Artists often put together things that you wouldn't expect to see side by side. Imagine a fish with wings or a clock melting like cheese, that's the kind of unexpected creativity surrealists enjoy.
Surrealism is a way to express emotions and ideas in a way that goes beyond everyday reality. Artists like Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and writers like André Breton were key figures in the Surrealism movement. Their works often transport viewers and readers to fantastical and dreamy realms. The artists and writers are wanted to know 'Hidden Part of Human Psyche'.
"SURREALISM IS DESTRUCTIVE, BUT IT DESTROYS ONLY WHAT IT CONSIDERS TO BE SHACKLES LIMITING OUR VISION."
~ Salvador Dali
3)Modernism and Postmodernism
✰ What is Modernism? :-
Modernism was prevalent from late 19th century and early 20th century. It was influenced by World War 1. Modernism says, "Out with the old!" It rejects traditional styles and beliefs in art, literature, and even how people think about the world. Artists and writers try out different techniques, unusual forms, and unique ways of telling stories. It's like a big playground of creativity.
Modernism values individual expression. It's all about artists and writers showing their unique perspectives and not being bound by what was considered "normal" before. It brought changes in architecture, design, and even how cities are planned, encouraging a more forward-thinking and dynamic approach. The famous modernist or thinkers like Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot, Pablo Picasso, and James Joyce were key figures in the Modernism movement. Their works reflect the spirit of change and experimentation that defined the era.
✰ Characteristics of Modernism :-
1) Experimentation :-
Modernists love to try new things. Whether in art, literature, or music, they're always exploring fresh techniques, forms, and styles. It's like a big creative playground. They had performed or work on the huge platforms of new writing skills and new types of art. Experiment with the new ideas, new thoughts, new technology and new inventions to create something new and exciting.
2) Individualism :-
Modernism celebrates the individual. Artists and writers express their unique perspectives and break away from traditional norms. It's all about being yourself and letting your creativity shine. They celebrated the individual work of art and it's probability.
3) Fragmentation :-
Things get a bit fragmented in Modernism. Stories, artworks, and even ideas can be broken into pieces and then put back together in unexpected ways. It's like creating a puzzle of imagination. We can see the streamlined and imaginative perspective in certain ways.
4) Subjectivity :-
Modernists believe in personal experiences and emotions. They explore the inner thoughts and feelings of individuals, bringing a more personal touch to their work. Artist and writers kept much focused on subjectivity and it's important.
5) Social and Political Critique :-
Modernism doesn't shy away from questioning society and politics. It's not afraid to raise a critical voice, challenging the status quo and calling for change. We can observed the more and more questioning about some changes and perticular situations.
✰ What is Post-Modernism? :-
Post-Modernism is like a creative rebellion that comes after Modernism, shaking up the way we think about art, literature, and the world. It's all about saying, "Hey, there's no one right way to do things!" Post-Modernists play with ideas, mix styles, and question the idea that there's a single, absolute truth. Imagine it as a colorful and diverse playground where creativity knows no bounds. Post-Modernism invites us to see the world through multiple perspectives, appreciate the beauty in chaos, and celebrate the idea that there are countless ways to express ourselves. Based on the unscientify, rational through process.
Post-Modernism encompasses a diverse range of writers and artists who have contributed to the movement. Writers are like W.H Auden, T.S. Eliot ("The Waste Land").
Writers :-
"Theatre of the Absurd" emphasized the dissolution of the narrative. The play "Waiting for Godot" (1953) An all-encompassing existential tale featuring two characters.
literary criticism essay "The Literature of Exhaustion" (1967) Fourth novel "Giles Goat-Boy" (1966), a prime example of the metafiction characteristic of postmodernism.
Renowned for his playful and experimental narratives, as seen in works like "If on a winter's night a traveler" and "Invisible Cities."
Notable for works like "White Noise" and "Underworld," exploring themes of media saturation and contemporary culture.
"The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1969) is a historical novel with a major emphasis on metafiction.
Catch-22 (1961) tells several stories in chronological order, Heller also paradoxes a literary device that contradicts itself but contains a plausible kernel of truth.
"One Hundred Years of Solitude" (1967) is an extraordinarily playful novel that follows multiple characters.
Known for complex and often satirical novels, such as "Gravity's Rainbow" and "The Crying of Lot 49."
"Slaughterhouse Five" (1969) is a non-linear tale in which the main character is "unsteady in time".
"Infinite Jest" (1996) exemplifies its eclectic, encyclopedic structure, and the epitome of postmodernism. "The Pale King" (2011) is also highly metaphorical, employing a character named David Foster Wallace.
✰ Characteristics of Post-Modernism :-
1) Playful and Experimental :-
Post-Modernism loves to play with ideas and experiment with different styles. It's like a creative playground where rules are meant to be bent or broken. They used the new ideas and enthusiasm in work of art. They uses the vivid picture of new thoughts, innovations and many more valuable things.
2) Irony and Satire :-
Post-Modernism enjoys a good dose of irony and satire. Artists use humor and sarcasm to comment on society, often challenging traditional beliefs. Artists and writers make some unique work and art to give a new realistic elements and new inventions in literature. Irony and humour are the good quality of entertainment and in also reading.
3) Borrowing and Remixing :-
Artists and writers in Post-Modernism borrow from different cultures, time periods, and styles. It's like creating a mixtape of influences to express something new.
4) Metafiction :-
Post-Modern literature often includes elements of metafiction, where the story acknowledges itself as a work of fiction. It's like a story within a story, adding layers of complexity. To get some new knowledge and delightful in acknowledgement and also in fiction work of art.
5) Fluid Identities :-
There's a recognition that identities can be fluid and ever-changing. Post-Modernism challenges fixed notions of identity, embracing the idea that it's okay to be in a constant state of becoming.
4)Dada Movement - (Add your class activity works - Painting, Poem, Photo )
✰ What is Dada Movement? :-
A movement in art and literature based on deliberate irrationally and negation of traditional artistic values. Many people said that the Dadaism is the senseless. Dadaism is the movement, which was started during World War 1. During the world war around 1915-16, some artists went to Switzerland.
Artists and writers are met in a night club and that night club name was like 'The Cabaret Voltaire' (February 1916) and we can say that place Dada was born. One famous artist Tristan Tzara gave the name to the movement. He was inspired from German Dictionary. The meaning of Dada is like 'Hobby Horse'. It was against to anti-war, anti-nationalism, anti-materialism, anti-establishment.
According to Jean Arp,
"Dada is for the senseless, which does not mean nonsense. Dada is senseless like nature."
Dada is the art of Nihiist. And then we can see the concept of Tristan Tzara, "if you want to write Dadaism poem so you need take newspaper and then cutting the random words and all words put into bag and shake the bag and then merge all the words, after that Dadaism poem ready." Marcel Duchamp was influenced by this Dadaism and he made the master piece and that toilet and then on that master piece of toilet he wrote R.Mutt.
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| Dada Poem |
✰ Conclusion :-
Surrealism is like a playful exploration of the imagination, inviting you to step into a world where the strange and unexpected become the norm. Modernism is like a whirlwind of creativity, challenging the tradition, and celebrating individuality, and embracing the endless possibilities of imagination. Post-Modernism is a celebration of creativity without boundaries, a questioning of established truths. Dadaism was the movement of self art, choices, own thoughts, own ideas and many more things. Artists and writers wanted to prove that, "Everything could be art, then nothing could be art."
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